> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.carto.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.carto.com/data-and-analysis/analytics-toolbox-for-redshift/sql-reference/transformations.md).
# transformations
This module contains functions that compute geometric constructions, or alter geometry size or shape.
## ST\_CENTERMEAN
```sql
ST_CENTERMEAN(geom)
```
**Description**
Takes a Feature or FeatureCollection and returns the mean center (average of its vertices).
**Input parameters**
* `geom`: `GEOMETRY` for which to compute the mean center.
**Return type**
`GEOMETRY`
**Example**
{% code overflow="wrap" lineNumbers="true" %}
```sql
SELECT carto.ST_CENTERMEAN(ST_GEOMFROMTEXT('POLYGON ((30 10, 40 40, 20 40, 10 20, 30 10))'));
-- POINT (25 27.5)
```
{% endcode %}
## ST\_CENTERMEDIAN
```sql
ST_CENTERMEDIAN(geom)
```
**Description**
Takes a FeatureCollection of points and computes the median center. The median center is understood as the point that requires the least total travel from all other points.
**Input parameters**
* `geog`: `GEOMETRY` for which to compute the center.
**Return type**
`GEOMETRY`
**Example**
{% code overflow="wrap" lineNumbers="true" %}
```sql
SELECT carto.ST_CENTERMEDIAN(ST_GEOMFROMTEXT('POLYGON ((30 10, 40 40, 20 40, 10 20, 30 10))'));
-- POINT (26.3841869726 19.0088147377)
```
{% endcode %}
## ST\_CENTEROFMASS
```sql
ST_CENTEROFMASS(geom)
```
**Description**
Takes any Feature or a FeatureCollection and returns its center of mass. It is equivalent to [`ST_CENTROID`](#st_centroid).
**Input parameters**
* `geom`: `GEOMETRY` for which to compute the center of mass.
**Return type**
`GEOMETRY`
**Example**
{% code overflow="wrap" lineNumbers="true" %}
```sql
SELECT carto.ST_CENTEROFMASS(ST_GEOMFROMTEXT('POLYGON ((30 10, 40 40, 20 40, 10 20, 30 10))'));
-- POINT (25.4545454545 26.9696969697)
```
{% endcode %}
## ST\_CENTROID
```sql
ST_CENTROID(geom)
```
**Description**
Takes any Feature or a FeatureCollection as input and returns its centroid. It is equivalent to [`ST_CENTEROFMASS`](#st_centerofmass).
**Input parameters**
* `geom`: `GEOMETRY` for which to compute the centroid.
**Return type**
`GEOMETRY`
**Example**
{% code overflow="wrap" lineNumbers="true" %}
```sql
SELECT carto.ST_CENTROID(ST_GEOMFROMTEXT('POLYGON ((30 10, 40 40, 20 40, 10 20, 30 10))'));
-- POINT (25.4545454545 26.9696969697)
```
{% endcode %}
## ST\_DESTINATION
```sql
ST_DESTINATION(geom, distance, bearing, units)
```
**Description**
Takes a Point and calculates the location of a destination point given a distance in degrees, radians, miles, or kilometers; and a bearing in degrees. This uses the Haversine formula to account for global curvature.
**Input parameters**
* `geom`: `GEOMETRY` starting point.
* `distance`: `FLOAT8` distance from the origin point in the units specified.
* `bearing`: `FLOAT8` ranging from -180 to 180 (e.g. 0 is North, 90 is East, 180 is South, -90 is West).
* `units` (optional): `VARCHAR(15)` units of length. The supported options are: `miles`, `kilometers`, `degrees` or `radians`. If `NULL`the default value `kilometers` is used.
**Return type**
`GEOMETRY`
**Examples**
{% code overflow="wrap" lineNumbers="true" %}
```sql
SELECT carto.ST_DESTINATION(ST_MakePoint(-3.70325,40.4167), 10, 45);
-- POINT (-3.61964617436 40.4802614598)
```
{% endcode %}
{% code overflow="wrap" lineNumbers="true" %}
```sql
SELECT carto.ST_DESTINATION(ST_MakePoint(-3.70325,40.4167), 10, 45, 'miles');
-- POINT (-3.56862505482 40.5189626778)
```
{% endcode %}
## ST\_GREATCIRCLE
```sql
ST_GREATCIRCLE(start_point, end_point, n_points)
```
**Description**
Calculates a great circle route as a LineString.
**Input parameters**
* `start_point`: `GEOMETRY` source point feature.
* `end_point`: `GEOMETRY` destination point feature.
* `n_points` (optional): `INT` number of points. Defaults to `100`.
**Return type**
`GEOMETRY`
**Examples**
{% code overflow="wrap" lineNumbers="true" %}
```sql
SELECT carto.ST_GREATCIRCLE(ST_MAKEPOINT(-3.70325,40.4167), ST_MAKEPOINT(-73.9385,40.6643));
-- LINESTRING (-3.70325 40.4167, -4.32969777937 40.6355528695, ...
```
{% endcode %}
{% code overflow="wrap" lineNumbers="true" %}
```sql
SELECT carto.ST_GREATCIRCLE(ST_MAKEPOINT(-3.70325,40.4167), ST_MAKEPOINT(-73.9385,40.6643), 20);
-- LINESTRING (-3.70325 40.4167, -7.01193184681 41.5188665219, ...
```
{% endcode %}
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